Adapting to the Cyber Domain: Comparing US and UK Institutional, Legal, and Policy Innovations

This article explores the origins and evolution of the institutional, policy, and legal frameworks that define the defensive and offensive aspects of UK and US cyber strategies. There is a strong degree of convergence, particularly from a defense perspective, but there are also important variations, especially in the degree to which the countries’ most capable operators—the National Security Agency and the Government Communications Headquarters—are integrated into non-intelligence activities.